TY - JOUR
T1 - A Survey of Explainable Artificial Intelligence for Smart Cities
AU - Javed, Abdul Rehman
AU - Ahmed, Waqas
AU - Pandya, Sharnil
AU - Maddikunta, Praveen Kumar Reddy
AU - Alazab, Mamoun
AU - Gadekallu, Thippa Reddy
N1 - Funding Information:
FeatureCloud project [] aims to integrate security-by-design and privacy-by- architecture concepts on medical health systems to reduce the possibility of cybercrime and facilitate safe cross-border collaborative data-mining efforts. It is got funded project under the H2020 funding framework. FeatureCloud integrates blockchain and federated learning techniques to eliminate sharing sensitive mining data via any communication channels and centralized data storage. Moreover, the FeatureCloud project incorporates “supervised machine learning” with XAI to improve compatibility with legal considerations and international policies.
Funding Information:
In South Korea, the XAI Center [] is focusing on developing XAI models by developing new or modified ML techniques. This XAI center aims to support research projects that use XAI to offer sufficient human-understandable explanations about the results and decision-making ML model. In this regard, the XAI center primarily focuses on to Medical and Financial industry, where adaptation of AI is a high risk without explainability. Moreover, the Austrian Science Fund has funded a project titled “Reference Model of XAI for the Medical Domain” ( https://www.aholzinger.at/austrian-science-fund-project-on-explainability-granted/ ).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2023 by the authors.
PY - 2023/2
Y1 - 2023/2
N2 - The emergence of Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) has enhanced the lives of humans and envisioned the concept of smart cities using informed actions, enhanced user interpretations and explanations, and firm decision-making processes. The XAI systems can unbox the potential of black-box AI models and describe them explicitly. The study comprehensively surveys the current and future developments in XAI technologies for smart cities. It also highlights the societal, industrial, and technological trends that initiate the drive towards XAI for smart cities. It presents the key to enabling XAI technologies for smart cities in detail. The paper also discusses the concept of XAI for smart cities, various XAI technology use cases, challenges, applications, possible alternative solutions, and current and future research enhancements. Research projects and activities, including standardization efforts toward developing XAI for smart cities, are outlined in detail. The lessons learned from state-of-the-art research are summarized, and various technical challenges are discussed to shed new light on future research possibilities. The presented study on XAI for smart cities is a first-of-its-kind, rigorous, and detailed study to assist future researchers in implementing XAI-driven systems, architectures, and applications for smart cities.
AB - The emergence of Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) has enhanced the lives of humans and envisioned the concept of smart cities using informed actions, enhanced user interpretations and explanations, and firm decision-making processes. The XAI systems can unbox the potential of black-box AI models and describe them explicitly. The study comprehensively surveys the current and future developments in XAI technologies for smart cities. It also highlights the societal, industrial, and technological trends that initiate the drive towards XAI for smart cities. It presents the key to enabling XAI technologies for smart cities in detail. The paper also discusses the concept of XAI for smart cities, various XAI technology use cases, challenges, applications, possible alternative solutions, and current and future research enhancements. Research projects and activities, including standardization efforts toward developing XAI for smart cities, are outlined in detail. The lessons learned from state-of-the-art research are summarized, and various technical challenges are discussed to shed new light on future research possibilities. The presented study on XAI for smart cities is a first-of-its-kind, rigorous, and detailed study to assist future researchers in implementing XAI-driven systems, architectures, and applications for smart cities.
KW - artificial intelligence
KW - data mining
KW - Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)
KW - future cities
KW - Internet of Things (IoT)
KW - machine learning
KW - real-time systems
KW - smart cities
KW - smart health
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85148854883&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3390/electronics12041020
DO - 10.3390/electronics12041020
M3 - Review article
AN - SCOPUS:85148854883
SN - 2079-9292
VL - 12
SP - 1
EP - 40
JO - Electronics (Switzerland)
JF - Electronics (Switzerland)
IS - 4
M1 - 1020
ER -