A systematic review of the factors – barriers, drivers, and technologies – affecting e-waste urban mining: On the circular economy future of developing countries

E-waste, known for its hazardous contents, has gained attention for its use as secondary raw materials. There is evidence that the e-waste sector in developing countries applies various urban mining techniques to recover valuable resources from their waste. Urban mining techniques have shown multiple signs of progress across developing countries. Still, studies have yet to be carried out to examine the state-of-the-art barriers, drivers, or technologies in this field. Furthermore, research on this topic must be more cohesive, multi-faceted, and conclusive. An in-depth review of current practices would improve urban mining's significance and assist in understanding its current implementation levels across developing countries. Based on a systematic review of 45 peer-reviewed articles, this study examines the drivers, barriers, and technologies influencing urban mining techniques in developing countries. In developing countries, urban mining stages are affected by laws, policies, market risks, and technological solutions. Developing countries must sharpen their skills in sustainable technologies, regulatory systems, and policy initiatives to overcome barriers and maximise their returns on urban mining investments. Developing countries must apply systems thinking to establish links across barriers and identify solutions to promote sustainable urban mining practices – a key step towards a circular future for developing countries.