TY - JOUR
T1 - Bakmaranhawuy - the broken connection
T2 - Perspectives on asking and answering questions with Yolŋu patients in healthcare contexts
AU - Walmsley, Anna Jo
AU - Baker, Dikul R.
AU - Lowell, Anne
N1 - Copyright:
This record is sourced from MEDLINE/PubMed, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine
PY - 2022/1/19
Y1 - 2022/1/19
N2 - INTRODUCTION: Questioning is a key method in general information-seeking behaviour and teaching used by the dominant culture in Australia. Within an Australian health context the fundamental diagnostic tool used by medical staff is the biomedical interview or history taking, which is based on a battery of direct questions. Similarly, many health professionals rely on patient questions to prompt the sharing of information, or to make them aware of gaps in communication. This is problematic for many First Nations peoples, including Yolŋu (First Nations people of North-East Arnhem Land), who are culturally less inclined to use direct questioning as it is deemed impolite within their cultural context. METHODS: Semi-structured conversational interviews using culturally congruent communication processes were conducted with participants in their preferred language. Interviews were translated, transcribed and analysed inductively using NVivo v12. RESULTS: A total of 30 participants were interviewed (10 health staff and 20 Yolŋu with recent experience in engaging with health services). All participating health staff believed that questioning was essential for determining how to best treat patients but many felt that questions created problems for some Yolŋu patients. They also felt that Yolŋu patients ask fewer questions related to their health issues than patients of other cultures. Yolŋu participants conveyed overwhelmingly negative experiences with the health system and at the tertiary hospital in particular. Yolŋu participants described feelings of frustration, fear and trauma when talking of their experiences, and these feelings were often direct outcomes of poor communication with staff. Regarding the use of questions in health care specifically, Yolŋu participants identified four key and interrelated conditions within which questioning was deemed an acceptable communication mechanism. Dhämanapan (connection) was identified as an essential condition for effective communication between health staff and patients. This connection was established and maintained through a shared understanding of matha (language), dukmaram (Yolŋu understandings of healing) and djuŋuny (Yolŋu norms of polite communication). Strategies for overcoming barriers to effective communication related to the concept of dhuwurr (skill) in health communication, which could increase the acceptability of health staff asking questions of Yolŋu and the confidence of Yolŋu patients in asking questions of health staff. CONCLUSION: The findings from this study indicate a fundamental disconnect between the current health system and the needs of the Yolŋu patients it seeks to serve. In order for this to change, Yolŋu patients and health staff need to develop dhuwurr in health communication, which incorporates the four key conditions for effective communication identified in this study. To achieve this, ongoing and mandatory intercultural communication training for health staff is needed, just as mandatory training is required for hygiene and resuscitation training. Intercultural communication training must be comprehensive - reflecting the complexity involved in developing this dhuwurr - and sustained, for example with ongoing support from cultural communication mentors.
AB - INTRODUCTION: Questioning is a key method in general information-seeking behaviour and teaching used by the dominant culture in Australia. Within an Australian health context the fundamental diagnostic tool used by medical staff is the biomedical interview or history taking, which is based on a battery of direct questions. Similarly, many health professionals rely on patient questions to prompt the sharing of information, or to make them aware of gaps in communication. This is problematic for many First Nations peoples, including Yolŋu (First Nations people of North-East Arnhem Land), who are culturally less inclined to use direct questioning as it is deemed impolite within their cultural context. METHODS: Semi-structured conversational interviews using culturally congruent communication processes were conducted with participants in their preferred language. Interviews were translated, transcribed and analysed inductively using NVivo v12. RESULTS: A total of 30 participants were interviewed (10 health staff and 20 Yolŋu with recent experience in engaging with health services). All participating health staff believed that questioning was essential for determining how to best treat patients but many felt that questions created problems for some Yolŋu patients. They also felt that Yolŋu patients ask fewer questions related to their health issues than patients of other cultures. Yolŋu participants conveyed overwhelmingly negative experiences with the health system and at the tertiary hospital in particular. Yolŋu participants described feelings of frustration, fear and trauma when talking of their experiences, and these feelings were often direct outcomes of poor communication with staff. Regarding the use of questions in health care specifically, Yolŋu participants identified four key and interrelated conditions within which questioning was deemed an acceptable communication mechanism. Dhämanapan (connection) was identified as an essential condition for effective communication between health staff and patients. This connection was established and maintained through a shared understanding of matha (language), dukmaram (Yolŋu understandings of healing) and djuŋuny (Yolŋu norms of polite communication). Strategies for overcoming barriers to effective communication related to the concept of dhuwurr (skill) in health communication, which could increase the acceptability of health staff asking questions of Yolŋu and the confidence of Yolŋu patients in asking questions of health staff. CONCLUSION: The findings from this study indicate a fundamental disconnect between the current health system and the needs of the Yolŋu patients it seeks to serve. In order for this to change, Yolŋu patients and health staff need to develop dhuwurr in health communication, which incorporates the four key conditions for effective communication identified in this study. To achieve this, ongoing and mandatory intercultural communication training for health staff is needed, just as mandatory training is required for hygiene and resuscitation training. Intercultural communication training must be comprehensive - reflecting the complexity involved in developing this dhuwurr - and sustained, for example with ongoing support from cultural communication mentors.
KW - Australia
KW - cultural safety
KW - health communication
KW - Indigenous
KW - questions
KW - Yolηu
KW - Aboriginal
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85123671434&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.22605/RRH6959
DO - 10.22605/RRH6959
M3 - Article
C2 - 35044785
AN - SCOPUS:85123671434
SN - 1445-6354
VL - 22
SP - 1
EP - 9
JO - Rural and Remote Health
JF - Rural and Remote Health
IS - 1
M1 - 6959
ER -