@article{7343d34dc6654f9f897b6ea6b11d23db,
title = "Diagnosis and Treatment of Plasmodium vivax Malaria",
abstract = "Infection by Plasmodium vivax poses unique challenges for diagnosis and treatment. Relatively low numbers of parasites in peripheral circulation may be difficult to confirm, and patients infected by dormant liver stages cannot be diagnosed before activation and the ensuing relapse. Radical cure thus requires therapy aimed at both the blood stages of the parasite (blood schizontocidal) and prevention of subsequent relapses (hypnozoitocidal). Chloroquine and primaquine have been the companion therapies of choice for the treatment of vivax malaria since the 1950s. Confirmed resistance to chloroquine occurs in much of the vivax endemic world and demands the investigation of alternative blood schizontocidal companions in radical cure. Such a shift in practice necessitates investigation of the safety and efficacy of primaquine when administered with those therapies, and the toxicity profile of such combination treatments, particularly in patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. These clinical studies are confounded by the frequency and timing of relapse among strains of P. vivax, and potentially by differing susceptibilities to primaquine. The inability to maintain this parasite in continuous in vitro culture greatly hinders new drug discovery. Development of safe and effective chemotherapies for vivax malaria for the coming decades requires overcoming these challenges. ",
keywords = "4 methylprimaquine, 8 aminoquinoline derivative, amodiaquine, antimalarial agent, artemisinin, artemisinin derivative, artesunate, atovaquone plus proguanil, chloroquine, dihydroartemisinin plus piperaquine, halofantrine, isopentaquine, lincosamide derivative, mefloquine, mepacrine, methylene blue, mirinamycin, pamaquine, pamaquine plus quinine sulfate, pentaquine, piperaquine, primaquine, primaquine derivative, pyronaridine, quinine, quinine sulfate, quinocide, sontoquine, tafenoquine, unclassified drug, unindexed drug, anrigen capture rapid diagnostic test, article, black urine, chemoprophylaxis, clinical feature, clinical trial (topic), combination chemotherapy, cyanosis, diagnostic accuracy, diagnostic test, disease transmission, drug absorption, drug bioavailability, drug blood level, drug distribution, drug dose comparison, drug dose regimen, drug efficacy, drug elimination, drug potentiation, drug safety, drug sensitivity, drug tissue level, drug tolerability, endemic disease, ex vivo study, glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, hemolysis, history of medicine, human, in vivo study, jaundice, life cycle stage, low drug dose, malaria falciparum, merozoite, microscopy, molecular diagnosis, monotherapy, muscle cramp, nonhuman, parasite load, parasitemia, patient compliance, Plasmodium cynomolgi, Plasmodium vivax malaria, polymerase chain reaction, primary prevention, primate, priority journal, relapse, risk reduction, sensitivity and specificity, side effect, single drug dose, skin discoloration, stomach discomfort, stomach upset, treatment planning, urine color, Animals, Antimalarials, Drug Discovery, Drug Resistance, Humans, Malaria, Vivax, Plasmodium vivax, Primaquine",
author = "Baird, {J Kevin} and J.D. Maguire and Ric Price",
year = "2012",
doi = "10.1016/B978-0-12-397900-1.00004-9",
language = "English",
volume = "80",
pages = "203--270",
journal = "Advances in Parasitology",
issn = "0065-308X",
publisher = "Academic Press",
}