Dynamic modelling of inter-relationship between tourism, energy consumption, CO₂ emissions and economic growth in South Asia

Tourism is an important economic driver and plays a critical role in the economic development of South Asian countries. However, tourism also brings about some inevitable consequences on the environmental quality of these countries. Using the Autoregressive Distributed Lags, Vector Error-Correction Model and Panel frameworks, we investigate the inter-relationships between tourism, energy consumption, CO₂ emissions and gross domestic product (GDP) in South Asia, using data for the period 1990–2014. We find that, in the long-run, tourism positively contributes to GDP, CO₂ emissions and to the demand for energy; an increase in GDP improves tourism; and an increase in CO₂ levels is not a deterrent for tourists to visit South Asia.