Abstract
Objective
Combination antibiotic therapy may improve treatment success for bacterial infections, but bacterial strain-to-strain variability in synergy and its clinical impact remains unclear. This study evaluated whether positive in vitro interactions (synergy or additivity) between vancomycin or daptomycin and a β-lactam in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bloodstream infections are associated with improved clinical outcomes in the Combination Antibiotic for Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CAMERA2) trial.
Methods
In this post hoc analysis of the multicentre randomized CAMERA2 trial, adults with MRSA bacteraemia were randomly assigned to standard care (vancomycin or daptomycin) or combination therapy with an antistaphylococcal β-lactam. Of 174 combination-therapy patients, 24 were excluded for unavailable isolates or missing outcome data, leaving 150 for analysis. Synergy testing was performed centrally, post hoc, using a microdilution checkerboard assay, stratifying patients into positive interaction (synergy/additivity) and negative interaction (antagonism/indifference) groups. Clinical outcomes—including primary composite end point of 90-day mortality—were compared between groups, using statistical tests and multivariate regression adjusting for confounders.
Results
Among 150 patients, 103 were in the positive interaction group and 47 in the negative interaction group. Patient characteristics were similar. The primary composite endpoint of 90-day mortality (34% [16 of 47] vs. 32% [33 of 103], p 0.81) did not differ significantly between groups. Persistent bacteraemia rate at day 2 was higher (32.0% [33 of 103] vs. 19.1% [9 of 47], p 0.10) in the positive interaction group. However, 14-day all-cause mortality was significantly lower in the positive interaction group (2.9% [3 of 103] vs. 12.8% [6 of 47], p 0.03).
Conclusions
Positive interactions between vancomycin or daptomycin and a β-lactam were associated with lower 14-day mortality in MRSA bacteraemia. However, these findings should be interpreted with caution and considered hypothesis generating. Combination therapy may be beneficial when positive interactions are present, not universally effective. Synergy testing may help optimize combination therapy, warranting confirmation in a randomized trial.
Combination antibiotic therapy may improve treatment success for bacterial infections, but bacterial strain-to-strain variability in synergy and its clinical impact remains unclear. This study evaluated whether positive in vitro interactions (synergy or additivity) between vancomycin or daptomycin and a β-lactam in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bloodstream infections are associated with improved clinical outcomes in the Combination Antibiotic for Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CAMERA2) trial.
Methods
In this post hoc analysis of the multicentre randomized CAMERA2 trial, adults with MRSA bacteraemia were randomly assigned to standard care (vancomycin or daptomycin) or combination therapy with an antistaphylococcal β-lactam. Of 174 combination-therapy patients, 24 were excluded for unavailable isolates or missing outcome data, leaving 150 for analysis. Synergy testing was performed centrally, post hoc, using a microdilution checkerboard assay, stratifying patients into positive interaction (synergy/additivity) and negative interaction (antagonism/indifference) groups. Clinical outcomes—including primary composite end point of 90-day mortality—were compared between groups, using statistical tests and multivariate regression adjusting for confounders.
Results
Among 150 patients, 103 were in the positive interaction group and 47 in the negative interaction group. Patient characteristics were similar. The primary composite endpoint of 90-day mortality (34% [16 of 47] vs. 32% [33 of 103], p 0.81) did not differ significantly between groups. Persistent bacteraemia rate at day 2 was higher (32.0% [33 of 103] vs. 19.1% [9 of 47], p 0.10) in the positive interaction group. However, 14-day all-cause mortality was significantly lower in the positive interaction group (2.9% [3 of 103] vs. 12.8% [6 of 47], p 0.03).
Conclusions
Positive interactions between vancomycin or daptomycin and a β-lactam were associated with lower 14-day mortality in MRSA bacteraemia. However, these findings should be interpreted with caution and considered hypothesis generating. Combination therapy may be beneficial when positive interactions are present, not universally effective. Synergy testing may help optimize combination therapy, warranting confirmation in a randomized trial.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 829-837 |
| Number of pages | 9 |
| Journal | Clinical Microbiology and Infection |
| Volume | 32 |
| Issue number | 5 |
| Early online date | Feb 2026 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - Apr 2026 |
Bibliographical note
Publisher Copyright:© 2026 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.
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