Abstract
Although offsetting schemes may avoid biodiversity loss, the implementation of these schemes can be challenging, given the difficulty of balancing biodiversity benefits with the resulting increase in compensation costs. Here we have developed a novel offsetting methodological approach to balance environmental gains and land availability to support the decision-making process and negotiations among stakeholders. We applied this approach for the compensation of Legal Reserves, a percentage of native vegetation area that landowners have to set apart in their rural properties in Brazil to maintain native vegetation. If landowners do not reach the Legal Reserves requirements on their land according to the law, they may compensate it in other equivalent properties. To balance environmental gains and land availability, we have developed a dynamic tool that allows users to objectively analyze results from multiple offsetting scenarios. These scenarios can combine different levels of abiotic and biotic equivalence requirements, along with the possibility of trading up, i.e. compensating in priority natural vegetation areas and/or priority areas for restoration, even without high equivalence, with the resulting balance on land availability. The proposed approach seeks to find acceptable solutions, balancing stakeholder requirements for ecological equivalence, land availability, and possibilities of trading up. This procedure can enhance the local trade of Legal Reserves compensation, minimizing biodiversity losses, and also reducing costs. Our case study shows that it is possible to apply ecological equivalence in a balanced manner for Legal Reserve compensation. Owing to its flexibility, the proposed approach and tool can be easily adopted by other compensation schemes worldwide, supporting the negotiation and decision-making processes, to reduce biodiversity loss.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Article number | 105568 |
| Journal | Land Use Policy |
| Volume | 108 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - Sept 2021 |
| Externally published | Yes |
Bibliographical note
Funding Information:This work was supported by the São Paulo Research Foundation ( FAPESP ) [grant numbers 2013/07375-0 ; 2013/50718-5 ; 2016/17680-2 ; 2017/24028-2 ; 2018/25147-8 ]; Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development ( CNPq ); and World Wide Fund for Nature Brazil – WWF .
Funding Information:
We thank the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) and WWF for supporting this research. We also thank Professor Marinez Ferreira de Siqueira (Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden Research Institute) and Professor Rafael Loyola (Federal University of Goiás) for providing species distribution data; the Secretariat for the Environment of the State of São Paulo for the support and for the meetings to help to improve the dynamic tool; all participants of the open meetings of this project who helped to improve our methodological approach; WRI for helping in GIS analysis; the University of São Paulo for providing structure for the research and for the open meetings; Brazilian rural society for the structure for the open meetings. We are grateful for all the help and hard work of the GIS staff from Imaflora and Agrosatélite. Part of this research was carried out using the computational resources of the Center for Mathematical Sciences Applied to Industry (CeMEAI) funded by FAPESP (grant number 2013/07375-0). We thank the anonymous reviewers who helped to improve the article.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 Elsevier Ltd
