Abstract
The complexity, sophistication, and impact of malware evolve with industrial revolution and technology advancements. This article discusses and proposes a robust cross-architecture IoTmalware threat hunting model based on advanced ensemble learning (MTHAEL). Our unique MTHAEL model using stacked ensemble of heterogeneous feature selection algorithms and state-of-the-art neural networks to learn different levels of semantic features demonstrates enhanced IoTmalware detection than existing approaches. MTHAEL is the first of its kind that effectively optimizes recurrent neural network (RNN) and convolutional neural network (CNN) with high classification accuracy and consistently low computational overheads on different IoTarchitectures. Cross-architecture benchmarking is performed during the training with different architectures such as ARM, Intel80386, MIPS, and MIPS+Intel80386 individually. Two different hardware architectureswere employed to analyze the architecture overhead, namely Raspberry Pi 4 (ARM-based architecture) and Core-i5 (Intel-based architecture). Our proposed MTHAEL is evaluated comprehensively with a large IoTcross-architecture dataset of 21,137 samples and has achieved 99.98 percent classification accuracy for ARMarchitecture samples, surpassing prior related works. Overall, MTHAEL has demonstrated practical suitability for cross-architecture IoTmalware detection with low computational overheads requiring only 0.32 seconds to detect Any IoTmalware.
Original language | English |
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Article number | 9165209 |
Pages (from-to) | 1654-1667 |
Number of pages | 14 |
Journal | IEEE Transactions on Computers |
Volume | 69 |
Issue number | 11 |
Early online date | 11 Aug 2020 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - Nov 2020 |
Bibliographical note
Funding Information:This work was supported by the Department of Corporate and Information Services, NTG.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2020 IEEE.
Copyright:
Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.