Risk factors associated with typhoid fever in children aged 2-16 years in Karachi, Pakistan

Mohammad Khan; R Ochiai; Sajid Soofi; Lorenz Von Seidlein; Imran Khan; Muhammad Habib; Mahesh K Puri; Jin Park; Mohammad Ali; Qamaruddin Nizami

doi:10.1017/S0950268811000938

Risk factors associated with typhoid fever in children aged 2-16 years in Karachi, Pakistan

Mohammad Khan, R Ochiai, Sajid Soofi, Lorenz Von Seidlein, Imran Khan, Muhammad Habib, Mahesh K Puri, Jin Park, Mohammad Ali, Qamaruddin Nizami

Global and Tropical Health

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

We analysed the data from the control group in a typhoid vaccine trial in Karachi to assess the differences in individual-, household- and cluster-level characteristics for developing typhoid fever. The annual incidence of typhoid in children aged 2–16 years in the control arm of the vaccine trial was 151/100 000 population. After adjustment, the risk of typhoid was lower with increasing age [risk ratio (RR) 0·89, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·83–0·95], was higher with an increase in population density (RR 1·13, 95% CI 1·05–1·21) and was lower in the households using a safe drinking-water source (RR 0·63, 95% CI 0·41–0·99). Typhoid fever affects younger children living in areas of high population density and lack of access to safe water in Pakistan. A combination of environmental and biological interventions is required to prevent the continued epidemiological and economic impact of typhoid fever in high-risk areas of Pakistan.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	665-672
Number of pages	8
Journal	Epidemiology and Infection
Volume	140
Issue number	4
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268811000938
Publication status	Published - 2011

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title = "Risk factors associated with typhoid fever in children aged 2-16 years in Karachi, Pakistan",

abstract = "We analysed the data from the control group in a typhoid vaccine trial in Karachi to assess the differences in individual-, household- and cluster-level characteristics for developing typhoid fever. The annual incidence of typhoid in children aged 2–16 years in the control arm of the vaccine trial was 151/100 000 population. After adjustment, the risk of typhoid was lower with increasing age [risk ratio (RR) 0·89, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·83–0·95], was higher with an increase in population density (RR 1·13, 95% CI 1·05–1·21) and was lower in the households using a safe drinking-water source (RR 0·63, 95% CI 0·41–0·99). Typhoid fever affects younger children living in areas of high population density and lack of access to safe water in Pakistan. A combination of environmental and biological interventions is required to prevent the continued epidemiological and economic impact of typhoid fever in high-risk areas of Pakistan.",

keywords = "drinking water, typhoid vaccine, adolescent, article, child, controlled study, disease association, educational status, female, high risk population, human, incidence, income, infection risk, major clinical study, male, Pakistan, population density, poverty, preschool child, risk assessment, risk factor, school child, social class, typhoid fever, water supply, Adolescent, Age Factors, Child, Child, Preschool, Drinking Water, Family Characteristics, Female, Humans, Male, Population Density, Risk Factors, Salmonella typhi, Socioeconomic Factors, Typhoid Fever, Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines",

author = "Mohammad Khan and R Ochiai and Sajid Soofi and {Von Seidlein}, Lorenz and Imran Khan and Muhammad Habib and Puri, {Mahesh K} and Jin Park and Mohammad Ali and Qamaruddin Nizami",

year = "2011",

doi = "10.1017/S0950268811000938",

language = "English",

volume = "140",

pages = "665--672",

journal = "Epidemiology and Infection",

issn = "0950-2688",

publisher = "Cambridge University Press",

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TY - JOUR

T1 - Risk factors associated with typhoid fever in children aged 2-16 years in Karachi, Pakistan

AU - Khan, Mohammad

AU - Ochiai, R

AU - Soofi, Sajid

AU - Von Seidlein, Lorenz

AU - Khan, Imran

AU - Habib, Muhammad

AU - Puri, Mahesh K

AU - Park, Jin

AU - Ali, Mohammad

AU - Nizami, Qamaruddin

PY - 2011

Y1 - 2011

N2 - We analysed the data from the control group in a typhoid vaccine trial in Karachi to assess the differences in individual-, household- and cluster-level characteristics for developing typhoid fever. The annual incidence of typhoid in children aged 2–16 years in the control arm of the vaccine trial was 151/100 000 population. After adjustment, the risk of typhoid was lower with increasing age [risk ratio (RR) 0·89, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·83–0·95], was higher with an increase in population density (RR 1·13, 95% CI 1·05–1·21) and was lower in the households using a safe drinking-water source (RR 0·63, 95% CI 0·41–0·99). Typhoid fever affects younger children living in areas of high population density and lack of access to safe water in Pakistan. A combination of environmental and biological interventions is required to prevent the continued epidemiological and economic impact of typhoid fever in high-risk areas of Pakistan.

AB - We analysed the data from the control group in a typhoid vaccine trial in Karachi to assess the differences in individual-, household- and cluster-level characteristics for developing typhoid fever. The annual incidence of typhoid in children aged 2–16 years in the control arm of the vaccine trial was 151/100 000 population. After adjustment, the risk of typhoid was lower with increasing age [risk ratio (RR) 0·89, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·83–0·95], was higher with an increase in population density (RR 1·13, 95% CI 1·05–1·21) and was lower in the households using a safe drinking-water source (RR 0·63, 95% CI 0·41–0·99). Typhoid fever affects younger children living in areas of high population density and lack of access to safe water in Pakistan. A combination of environmental and biological interventions is required to prevent the continued epidemiological and economic impact of typhoid fever in high-risk areas of Pakistan.

KW - drinking water

KW - typhoid vaccine

KW - adolescent

KW - article

KW - child

KW - controlled study

KW - disease association

KW - educational status

KW - female

KW - high risk population

KW - human

KW - incidence

KW - income

KW - infection risk

KW - major clinical study

KW - male

KW - Pakistan

KW - population density

KW - poverty

KW - preschool child

KW - risk assessment

KW - risk factor

KW - school child

KW - social class

KW - typhoid fever

KW - water supply

KW - Adolescent

KW - Age Factors

KW - Child

KW - Child, Preschool

KW - Drinking Water

KW - Family Characteristics

KW - Female

KW - Humans

KW - Male

KW - Population Density

KW - Risk Factors

KW - Salmonella typhi

KW - Socioeconomic Factors

KW - Typhoid Fever

KW - Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines

U2 - 10.1017/S0950268811000938

DO - 10.1017/S0950268811000938

M3 - Article

SN - 0950-2688

VL - 140

SP - 665

EP - 672

JO - Epidemiology and Infection

JF - Epidemiology and Infection

IS - 4

ER -

Risk factors associated with typhoid fever in children aged 2-16 years in Karachi, Pakistan

Abstract

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