TY - JOUR
T1 - Towards the elimination of Plasmodium vivax malaria
T2 - Implementing the radical cure
AU - Thriemer, Kamala
AU - Ley, Benedikt
AU - von Seidlein, Lorenz
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 Thriemer et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Copyright:
Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2021/4/23
Y1 - 2021/4/23
N2 - Efforts to control Plasmodium vivax malaria have been less successful than for PlasmodiumAU falciparum : PerCSE , resulting ; iftwodifferentspeciessharethesamegenus in higher prevalence of P. vivax malaria ; thegenusofthesecondspeciesshoulds in most coendemic regions. One of the key differences between the 2 species is the ability of P. vivax to form hypnozoites causing relapses which facilitate transmission. Preventing P. vivax relapses is key for the elimination of P. vivax malaria. • The widescale use of the radical cure to clear hypnozoites has been underutilized in most endemic countries. Two breakthroughs have increased the likelihood that the radical cure will be rolled out in P. vivax endemic regions: To clear hypnozoites, primaquine can be administered in short, high-dose regimens or a single dose of the recently licensed tafenoquine is administered. Novel technologies allow measurement of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity at the point of care. Identifying patients with low G6PD activity, not eligible for these novel regimens, is a precondition for their safe administration. • Novel approaches to P. vivax elimination such as mass drug administrations of antimalarial drugs including 8-aminoquinolines require considerable resources and carry safety risks. • A safe and protective P. vivax vaccine would be an asset in the elimination of P. vivax malaria but is unlikely to be available in the near future. • Case management that includes a radical cure is currently the most promising approach to P. vivax elimination. New regimens for radical cure and the possibility to minimise the risk of haemolysis through novel G6PD tests bring up operational challenges, but if deployed wisely could have sufficient impact to eliminate if not eradicate P. vivax malaria.
AB - Efforts to control Plasmodium vivax malaria have been less successful than for PlasmodiumAU falciparum : PerCSE , resulting ; iftwodifferentspeciessharethesamegenus in higher prevalence of P. vivax malaria ; thegenusofthesecondspeciesshoulds in most coendemic regions. One of the key differences between the 2 species is the ability of P. vivax to form hypnozoites causing relapses which facilitate transmission. Preventing P. vivax relapses is key for the elimination of P. vivax malaria. • The widescale use of the radical cure to clear hypnozoites has been underutilized in most endemic countries. Two breakthroughs have increased the likelihood that the radical cure will be rolled out in P. vivax endemic regions: To clear hypnozoites, primaquine can be administered in short, high-dose regimens or a single dose of the recently licensed tafenoquine is administered. Novel technologies allow measurement of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity at the point of care. Identifying patients with low G6PD activity, not eligible for these novel regimens, is a precondition for their safe administration. • Novel approaches to P. vivax elimination such as mass drug administrations of antimalarial drugs including 8-aminoquinolines require considerable resources and carry safety risks. • A safe and protective P. vivax vaccine would be an asset in the elimination of P. vivax malaria but is unlikely to be available in the near future. • Case management that includes a radical cure is currently the most promising approach to P. vivax elimination. New regimens for radical cure and the possibility to minimise the risk of haemolysis through novel G6PD tests bring up operational challenges, but if deployed wisely could have sufficient impact to eliminate if not eradicate P. vivax malaria.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85104914057&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003494
DO - 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003494
M3 - Review article
C2 - 33891589
AN - SCOPUS:85104914057
VL - 18
SP - 1
EP - 15
JO - PLoS Medicine
JF - PLoS Medicine
SN - 1549-1277
IS - 4
M1 - e1003494
ER -